ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: all parts, flowers, fruits. convallatoxin and other cardenolides, saponins

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. page 99

Class 1b highly hazardous; cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase, cardiac glycoside intoxication, nausea, gastrointestinal disturbance, diarrhoea, dizziness, hypertension, arrythmia, coma, cardiac arrest

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. page 99

Flower water is an astringent skin wash.

Podlech, D. (1996). Herbs & Healing Plants of Britain & Europe, Collins p.126

Used for heart problems in homeopathic medicine.

Podlech, D. (1996). Herbs & Healing Plants of Britain & Europe, Collins p.126

Restricted medicinal

Asia-Temperate, Caucasus, North Caucasus

Asia-Temperate, Caucasus, Transcaucasus

Asia-Temperate, China

Asia-Temperate, Eastern Asia, Japan

Asia-Temperate, Eastern Asia, Korea

Asia-Temperate, Mongolia

Asia-Temperate, Russian Far East

Asia-Temperate, Siberia

Asia-Tropical, Indo-China, Myanmar

Europe, Eastern Europe, Belarus

Europe, Eastern Europe, Northwest European Russia

Europe, Eastern Europe, South European Russia

Europe, Eastern Europe, Ukraine

Europe, Middle Europe, Austria

Europe, Middle Europe, Belgium

Europe, Middle Europe, Germany

Europe, Middle Europe, Hungary

Europe, Middle Europe, Poland

Europe, Middle Europe, Netherlands

Europe, Northern Europe, Denmark

Europe, Northern Europe, Finland

Europe, Northern Europe, Great Britain

Europe, Northern Europe, Norway

Europe, Northern Europe, Sweden

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Albania

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Bulgaria

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Yugoslavia

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Greece

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Italy

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Romania

Europe, Southwestern Europe, France

Europe, Southwestern Europe, Spain

Northern America, Northeastern U.S.A.

Northern America, Southeastern U.S.A.