Tannin, dyestuff

In the mid-nineteenth century the young leaves were eaten as a vegetable in parts of France and Germany

Sturtevant, EL. (1919). Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications Inc.

A red dye can be extracted from the roots and is used as a food colouring

Plants for a Future (2010) (http://www.pfaf.org/)

Culpeper 1650 "Cold and dry, binding, good for old ulcers"

Culpeper, Nicholas. (1650). A Physical Directory . London, Peter Cole.

Bristles can cause skin irritation.

www.rhs.org.uk

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Turkey

Europe, Eastern Europe

Europe, Middle Europe

Europe, Northern Europe, Denmark

Europe, Northern Europe, Sweden

Europe, Southeastern Europe

Europe, Southwestern Europe