Culpeper (1649): “... helps such as are itchy and scabbed, clears the skin, opens stoppings of the liver and spleen, helps rickets, hypochondriac melancholy, madness, frenzies, quartan agues ...” etc. Notes: While it is still used in modern herbalism as a topical lotion or cream to treat skin diseases, it does contain poisonous alkaloids and should not be eaten (drunk, etc.). No evidence has appeared for its other uses as described by Culpeper.

Culpeper, Nicholas. (1650). A Physical Directory . London, Peter Cole.

Contains poisonous alkaloids.

Oakeley, Dr. H. F. (2013). The Gardens of the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.

Africa, Macaronesia, Canary Is.

Africa, Northern Africa, Algeria

Africa, Northern Africa, Egypt

Africa, Northern Africa, Libya

Africa, Northern Africa, Morocco

Africa, Northern Africa, Tunisia

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Cyprus

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Iraq

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Israel

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Jordan

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Lebanon-Syria

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Turkey

Asia-Temperate, Russian Far East

Asia-Temperate, Siberia

Europe, Northern Europe, Denmark

Europe, Northern Europe, Ireland

Europe, Northern Europe, Norway

Europe, Northern Europe, Great Britain

Europe, Northern Europe, Sweden

Europe, Middle Europe, Austria

Europe, Middle Europe, Belgium

Europe, Middle Europe, Germany

Europe, Middle Europe, Hungary

Europe, Middle Europe, Netherlands

Europe, Middle Europe, Poland

Europe, Middle Europe, Slovakia

Europe, Middle Europe, Switzerland

Europe, Eastern Europe, Belarus

Europe, Eastern Europe, Central European Russia

Europe, Eastern Europe, Northwest European Russia

Europe, Eastern Europe, South European Russia

Europe, Eastern Europe, Ukraine

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Bulgaria

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Albania

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Czech Republic

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Greece

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Italy

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Romania

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Yugoslavia

Europe, Southwestern Europe, France

Europe, Southwestern Europe, Portugal

Europe, Southwestern Europe, Spain