Active principle: (for Euonymus europaea and related species): all parts, especially fruits: evobioside, evomonoside and other cardenolides, evonine and several alkaloids

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. page 9

Class 1b, Highly hazardous; cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase, irritation of GI tract, nausea, hallucinations, extensive vomiting, shock, hyperthermia, bloody diarrhoea, liver and kidney disturbance, arrhythmia, strong spasms, coma after 12 h, cardiac arrest

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. page 99

Toxic due to content of cardio-active cardenolides.

Professor Anthony Dayan, 2022