Active princile: all parts: several cardenolides (purpurea glycoside, lanatoside, digitoxin, digoxin).

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. page 99

Class 1a. Extremely hazardous: cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase, typical cardiac glycoside intoxication, vomiting, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, severe headache, irregular heartbeat and pulse, convulsions, CNS disturbance, cardiac arrest, sudden death.

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111. page99

Toxic due to cardiac glycosides that may derange cardiac rhythm and gastro-intestinal upsets.

Professor Anthony Dayan, 2022

Europe, Middle Europe, Austria

Europe, Middle Europe, Belgium

Europe, Middle Europe, Germany

Europe, Middle Europe, Switzerland

Europe, Southwestern Europe, France

Europe, Southwestern Europe, Corse

Europe, Southwestern Europe, Spain

Europe, Southeastern Europe, Italy