Has been used as an astringent; for fevers, diarrhoea and dysentery; for Leukaemia; an infusion of roots and bark for chest complaints.

Plants for a Future at www.plantsforafuture.org.uk

An infusion of the roots was used for fevers (Alabama Indians); of the bark for whooping cough (Cherokee); and for fevers and vomiting (Delaware).

Austin, Daniel, F. (2004) Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press.

Used to make baskets.

Plants for a Future at www.plantsforafuture.org.uk

Used by Native Americans as a fish poison.

Professor Anthony Dayan, 2022

Has been used in water courses as a poison to stupify and catch fish.

Plants for a Future at www.plantsforafuture.org.uk

Claimed by some to be irritant due to saponin in roots and leaves .

Professor Anthony Dayan, 2022