Class Ib-II poison - highly to moderately poisonus - disturbance of GI tract, vomiting, spasms, internal bleeding, salivation, trembling, restlessness, headache, delirium, fever and coma. In severe cases death may occur through respiratory arrest

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111.

Humans/Pets: Harmful if eaten

HTA Guide to Potentially Harmful Plants, 3rd Edition (2022)

Active principle: green fruits and leaves contain steroidal glycoalkaloids such as soladulcidine, solanine, solasodine, chaconine etc., saponins.

Wink, M. (2009). Mode of Action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Mitt. Julius Kuhn-Inst. 421:93-111.

Africa, Northern Africa

Asia-Temperate, Caucasus

Asia-Temperate, China

Asia-Temperate, Middle Asia, Turkmenistan

Asia-Temperate, Mongolia, Mongolia

Asia-Temperate, Russian Far East

Asia-Temperate, Siberia

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Afghanistan

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Iran

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Iraq

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Israel

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Jordan

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Lebanon-Syria

Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Turkey

Asia-Tropical, Indian Subcontinent

Europe, Eastern Europe

Europe, Middle Europe

Europe, Northern Europe

Europe, Northern Europe, Great Britain

Europe, Southeastern Europe

Europe, Southwestern Europe